Description
African Americans is a compelling story of agency, survival, struggle and triumph over adversity. This book illuminates the central place of African-Americans in U.S. history by telling the story of what it has meant to be black in America and how African-American history is inseparably woven into the greater context of American history. African Americans draws on recent research to present black history within broad social, cultural and political frameworks. From Africa to the 21st century, this book follows the long turbulent journey of African-Americans, the rich culture they have nurtured throughout their history and the quest for freedom through which African-Americans have sought to counter oppression and racism. This book also recognizes the diversity within the African-American sphere, providing coverage of class and gender and balancing the lives of ordinary men and women with accounts of black leaders.
Table of Contents
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Part I: Becoming African American
Chapter 1: Africa
A Huge and Diverse Land
The Birthplace of Humanity
Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments
West Africa
Kongo and Angola
West African Society and Culture
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 2: Middle Passage
The European Age of Exploration and Colonization
The Slave Trade in Africa
The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade
The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination
Landing and Sale in the West Indies
Seasoning
The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas
The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 3: Black People in Colonial North America, 1526–1763
The Peoples of Eastern North America
Black Servitude in the Chesapeake
Plantation Slavery, 1700–1750
Slave Life in Early America
Miscegenation and Creolization
The Origins of African-American Culture
Slavery in the Northern Colonies
Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana
Black Women in Colonial America
Black Resistance and Rebellion
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 4: Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763–1783
The Crisis of the British Empire
The Declaration of Independence and African Americans
Black Enlightenment
African Americans in the War for Independence
The Revolution and Emancipation
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 5: African Americans in the New Nation, 1783–1820
Forces for Freedom
Forces for Slavery
The Emergence of Free Black Communities
The War of 1812
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Part II: Slavery, Abolition, and the Quest for Freedom: The Coming of the Civil War, 1793–1861
Chapter 6: Life in the Cotton Kingdom
The Expansion of Slavery
Slave Labor in Agriculture
House Servants and Skilled Slaves
Slave Families
The Socialization of Slaves
Religion
The Character of Slavery and Slaves
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 7: Free Black People in Antebellum America, 1820-1861
Demographics of Freedom
The Jacksonian Era
Limited Freedom in the North
Black Communities in the Urban North
African-American Institutions
Free African Americans in the Upper South
Free African Americans in the Deep South
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 8: Opposition to Slavery, 1800–1833
Abolitionism Begins in America
From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey
A Country in Turmoil
Black Abolitionist Women
The Baltimore Alliance
David Walker and Nat Turner
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 9: Let Your Motto be Resistance, 1833–1850
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence
Black Community Institutions
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party
A More Aggressive Abolitionism
Black Militancy
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 10: "And Black People Were at the Heart of It": The United States Disunites over Slavery
The Lure of the West
Fugitive Slaves
The Rochester Convention, 1853
Nativism and the Know-Nothings
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner
The Dred Scott Decision
White Northerners and Black Americans
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Abraham Lincoln and Black People
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry
The Election of Abraham Lincoln
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Part III: The Civil War, Emancipation, and Black Reconstruction: The Second American Revolution
Chapter 11: Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War
Lincoln’s Aims
Black Men Volunteer and Are Rejected
Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves
The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation
Black Men Fight for the Union
The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers
Black Men in the Union Navy
Liberators, Spies, and Guides
Violent Opposition to Black People
Refugees
Black People and the Confederacy
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 12: The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865–1868
The End of Slavery
Land
The Freedmen’s Bureau
Southern Homestead Act
Sharecropping
The Black Church
Education
Violence
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson
Black Codes
Black Conventions
The Radical Republicans
The Fourteenth Amendment
Radical Reconstruction
The Reaction of White Southerners
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 13: The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction, 1868–1877
Constitutional Conventions
Elections
Black Political Leaders
The Issues
Economic Issues
Black Politicians: An Evaluation
Republican Factionalism
Opposition
The Fifteenth Amendment
The Enforcement Acts
The North Loses Interest
The Freedmen’s Bank
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
The End of Reconstruction
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Part IV: Searching for Safe Spaces
Chapter 14: White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in teh SOuth in the Late Nineteenth Century
Politics
Disfranchisement
Segregation
Racial Etiquette
Violence
Migration
Black Farm Families
African Americans and Southern Courts
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 15: African Americans Challenge White Supremacy
Social Darwinism
Education and Schools
Church and Religion
Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers
African Americans in the Navy
The Black Cowboys
The Spanish-American War
The Philippine Insurrection
African Americans and the World’s Columbian Exposition
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs
African Americans and Labor
Black Professionals
Music
Sports
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 16: Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century
Race and the Progressive Movement
Booker T. Washington’s Approach
W. E. B. Du Bois
The Niagara Movement
The NAACP
The Urban League
Black Women and the Club Movement
The Black Elite
African-American Inventors
Presidential Politics
Black Men and the Military in World War I
Race Riots
The Great Migration
Northern Communities
Families
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 17: African Americans and the 1920s
Strikes and the Red Scare
Varieties of Racism
Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the Twenties
Labor
The Harlem Renaissance
Harlem and the Jazz Age
Sports
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Part V: The Great Depression and World War II
Chapter 18: The Great Depression and the New Deal
The Cataclysm, 1929–1933
The Failure of Relief
African Americans and the New Deal
The Rise of Black Social Scientists
Black Protest During the Great Depression
Organized Labor and Black America
The Communist Party and African Americans
The Tuskegee Study
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 19: Black Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s
Black Culture in a Midwestern City
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and the Movies
The Black Chicago Renaissance
Black Graphic Art
Black Literature
African Americans in Sports
Black Religious Culture
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 20: The World War II Era and Seeds of a Revolution
On the Eve of War, 1936–1941
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces
Black People on the Home Front
The Transition to Peace
The Cold War and International Politics
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Part VI: The Black Revolution
Chapter 21: The Freedom Movement, 1954–1965
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice
The Road to Brown
Brown II
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957–1960
Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down
A Sight to be Seen: The Movement at High Tide
The Albany Movement
The Birmingham Confrontation
A Hard Victory
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 22: The Struggle Continues, 1965–1980
The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism
The Black Panther Party
The Inner-City Rebellions
Difficulties in Creating the Great Society
Johnson and the War in Vietnam
Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society
King: Searching for a New Strategy
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness
The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement
The Election of 1968
The Nixon Presidency
The Rise of Black Elected Officials
Economic Downturn
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 23: African-Americans at the New Millennium
Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health
The Persistence of Black Poverty
African Americans at The Center Of Art And Culture
Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium
Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam
Millennium Marches
Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Chapter 24: The Triumph of Black Politics, 1980 to Present
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction
Black Political Activism in the Age of Conservative Reaction
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition
Policing the Black Community
The Clinton Presidency
Black Politics in the New Millennium: The Contested 2000 Presidential Election
Republican Triumph
The 2004 Presidential Election
Barack Obama: President of the United States
Conclusion
Chapter Timeline
Review Questions
MyHistoryLab Connections
Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts
Bibliography
Index
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