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Japanese Religious Traditions

By Michiko Yusa

ISBN-10: 0-13-091164-X

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-091164-3

Published by Prentice Hall

Pub. Date: Mar 6, 2002

Format: Paper

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1. Some Features of Japanese Religious Practices.

Twenty-Year Rotation of the Outer and the Inner Shrines. The Sacred. Buddhism and Shinto. Religion and Art.

2. Early Historical Developments.

Early Shinto. Shinto Myth. The Incident of the “Heavenly Rock Cave.” Empress Jito as the Living Kami. The Imperial Priestesshood (Saigu, Saiin). Introduction of Buddhism. Prince Shotoku. The Cult of Prince Shotoku. Nara Buddhism. Hinayana, Mahayana, and the Doctrine of the “Bodies” of Buddha. Todaiji and the Great Buddha Image. Moving the Capital from Nara to Kyoto. Saicho (Dengyo-Daishi) and the Tendai Sect. Kukai (Kobo-Daishi) and the Shingon Sect. Mountains as the Sacred Religious Training Ground. Angry Spirits and other Folk Beliefs.

3. Medieval Period.

Entering the “Period of the end of Buddha's Teaching.” Nenbutsu Practice and the Longing for the Western Paradise of the Amida Buddha. Transition of Power from the Imperial Court to the Shogunate. Salvation of Women. Honen and the Pure Land Sect. Shinran and the True Pure Land Sect. Eisai and the Rinzai Zen Sect. Dogen and the Soto Zen Sect. Nichiren and the Nichiren (or Lotus) Sect. Ippen and the Ji Sect.

4. From the Medieval to the Early Modern Period.

The relationship between Buddhism and Shinto. The “Essence-Manifestation” Theory. The Emergence of Self-Asssertion of Shinto. Patronage of Zen by the Kamakura Shogunate. Muromachi Shogunate and Conflicts among Buddhist Sects. Zen and Arts. Development of Militant Sects. An Interlude: Amida or the Lotus? Development of Popular Religiosity. Francis Xavier and the Introduction of Christianity. Obstacles. The Unification of Japan and the Fate of Christianity. Nobunaga and Christianity. Hideyoshi and Christianity. The Incident of San Felipe. Deification of Hideyoshi.

5. Early Modern—Late 16th through 18th Century.

Ieyasu and the Tokugawa Shogunate. Expulsion of the Christian Missionaries and the Closure of the Ports. The Hokoji Temple Bell. The Incident of the “Purple Priestly Robe.” Deification of Leyasu. Methodical Persecutions of Christians. Obaku Zen Sect. Buddhism Becomes a Funeral Religion. Attraction of Neo-Confucianism. Women's Social Status. Renewed Interest in Shinto. The Poet Basho. Formation of Popular Ethics and the Spirit of Rationalism. Return to Antiquity: The “Native” Learning (Kokugaku), Shinto and “Nationalism. Hirata Shinto. Living Buddhism.

6. Modern Period—The 19th and 20th Century.

Outbursts of Popular Religious Movements in the Late Tokugawa Period. The Opening of the Ports and the Resurfacing of the “Hidden Christians. Meiji Restoration. Separation of Shinto and Buddhism. Making of the Image of the Emperor as a Kami. Abolishment of Old Festival Days, Creation of New Ones. National Mausoleum of the Fallen Soldiers. Lifting of the Ban against Christianity. Invention of State Shinto. Christianity in Meiji Japan. Spiritual Movements during the Meiji Period. Fascism and Shinto. The Storms of Fascism. Post-WWII “New” Japan.

7. Japanese Religions in the New Millennium.

Japanese Religions Today. Looking toward the Future.

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