Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, 5th Edition

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1    Statistics: The Science of Data

1.2    Fundamental Elements of Statistics

1.3    Types of Data

1.4    The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking

1.5     A Guide to Statistical Methods Presented in this Text

 

Statistics in Action: Contamination of Fish in the Tennessee River Collecting theData

 

CHAPTER 2:  DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

2.1    Graphical and Numerical Methods for Describing Qualitative Data

2.2    Graphical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data

2.3    Numerical Methods for Describing Quantitative Data

2.4    Measures of Central Tendency

2.5    Measures of Variation

2.6    Measures of Relative Standing

2.7    Methods for Detecting Outliers

2.8    Distorting the Truth with Descriptive Statistics

 

Statistics in Action: Characteristics of Contaminated Fish in the Tennessee River

 

CHAPTER 3:  PROBABILITY

3.1    The Role of Probability in Statistics

3.2    Events, Sample Spaces, and Probability

3.3    Compound Events

3.4    Complementary Events

3.5    Conditional Probability

3.6    Probability Rules for  Unions and Intersections

3.7    Bayes' Rule (Optional)

3.8    Some Counting Rules

3.9    Probability and Statistics: An Example

3.10  Random Sampling

 

Statistics in Action: Assessing Predictors of Software Defects

 

CHAPTER 4:  DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES

4.1    Discrete Random Variables

4.2    The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable

4.3    Expected Values for Random Variables

4.4    Some Useful Expectation Theorems

4.5    Bernoulli Trials

4.6    The Binomial Probability Distribution

4.7    The Multinomial Probability Distribution

4.8    The Negative Binomial and the Geometric Probability Distributions

4.9    The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution

4.10  The Poisson Probability Distribution

4.11  Moments and Moment Generating Functions (Optional)

 

Statistics in Action: The Reliability of a "One-Shot" Device

 

CHAPTER 5: CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES    

5.1     Continuous Random Variables

5.2    The Density Function for a Continuous Random Variable

5.3    Expected Values for Continuous Random Variables

5.4    The Uniform Probability Distribution

5.5    The Normal Probability Distribution

5.6    Descriptive Methods for Assessing Normality

5.7    Gamma-Type Probability Distributions

5.8    The Weibull Probability Distriibution

5.9    Beta-Type Probability Distributions

5.10  Moments and Moment Generating Functions (Optional)

 

Statistics in Action: Super Weapons Development: Optimizing the Hit Ratio

 

CHAPTER 6: JOINT PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

6.1    Bivariate Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables

6.2    Bivariate Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables

6.3    The Expected Value of Functions of Two Random Variables

6.4    Independence

6.5    The Covariance and Correlation of Two Random Variables

6.6     Probability Distributions and Expected Values of Functions of Random Variables (Optional)

6.7    Sampling Distributions

6.8    Approximating a Sampling Distribution by Monte Carlo Simulation

6.9    The Sampling Distributions of Means and Sums

6.10  Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution

6.11  Sampling Distributions Related to the Normal Distribution

 

Statistics in Action: Availability of an Up/Down System

 

CHAPTER 7: ESTIMATION USING CONFIDENCE INTERVALS

7.1    Point Estimators and their Properties

7.2    Finding Point Estimators: Classical Methods of Estimation

7.3    Finding Interval Estimators: The Pivotal Method

7.4    Estimation of Population Mean

7.5    Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples

7.6    Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Means: Matched Pairs

7.7    Estimation of a Poulation Proportion

7.8    Estimation of the Difference Between Two Population Proportions

7.9    Estimation of a Population Variance

7.10  Estimation of the Ratio of Two Population Variances

7.11  Choosing the Sample Size

7.12  Alternative Estimation Methods: Bootstrapping and Bayesian Methods (Optional)

 

Statistics in Action: Bursting Strength of PET Beverage Bottles

 

CHAPTER 8:  TESTS OF HYPOTHESES

8.1    The Relationship Between Statistical Tests of Hypotheses and Confidence Intervals

8.2    Elements and Properties of a Statistical Test

8.3    Finding Statistical Tests: Classical Methods

8.4    Choosing the Null and Alternative Hypotheses

8.5    Testing a Population Mean

8.6    The Observed Significance Level for a Test

8.7    Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples

8.8    Testing the Difference Between Two Population Means: Independent Samples

8.9    Testing a Population Proportion

8.10  Testing the Difference Between Two Population Proportions

8.11  Testing a Population Variance

8.12  Testing the Ration of Two Population Variances

8.13  Alternative Testing Procedures: Bootstrapping and Bayesian Methods (Optional)

 

Statistics in Action: Comparing Methods for Dissolving Drug Tablets - Dissolution Method Equivalence Testing

 

CHAPTER 9: CATEGORICAL DATA ANALYSIS

9.1    Categorical Data and Multinomial Probabilities

9.2    Estimating Category Probabilities in a One-Way Table

9.3    Testing Category Probabilities in a One-Way Table

9.4    Inferences About Category Probabilities in a Two-Way (Contingency) Table

9.5    Contingency Tables with Fixed Marginal Totals

9.6    Exact Tests for Independence in a Contingency Table Analysis (Optional)

 

Statistics in Action: The Public's Perception of Engineers and Engineering

 

CHAPTER 10: SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

10.1  Regression Models

10.2  Model Assumptions

10.3  Estimating β₀ and β₁: The Method of Least Squares

10.4  Properties of the Least Squares Estimators

10.5  An Estimator of δ²

10.6  Assessing the Utility of the Model: Making Inferences About the Slope β₁

10.7  The Coefficient of Correlation

10.8  The Coefficient of Determination

10.9  Using the Model for Estimation and Pediction

10.10 A Complete Example

10.11 A Summary of the Steps to Follow in Simple Linear Regression

 

Statistics in Action: Can Dowser's Really Detect Water?

 

CHAPTER 11: MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS

11.1   General Form of a Multiple Regression Model

11.2   Model Assumptions

11.3   Fitting the Model:  The Method of Least Squares

11.4   Computations using Matrix Algebra; Estimating and Making Inferences about the β Parameters

11.5   Assessing Overall Model Adequacy

11.6   A Confidence Interval for E(y) and a prediction interval for a Future Value of y

11.7   A First-Order Model with Quantitative Predictors

11.8   An Interaction Model with Quantitative Predictors

11.9   A Quadratic (Second-Order) Model with a Quantitative Predictor

11.10 Checking Assumptions: Residual Analysis

11.11 Some Pitfalls: Estimability, Multicollinearity, and Extrapolation

11.12 A Summary of the Steps to Follow in a Multiple Regression Analysis

 

Statistics in Action: Bid-Rigging in the Highway Construction Industry

 

CHAPTER 12: MODEL BUILDING

12.1   Introduction: Why Model Building is Important

12.2   The Two Types of Independent Variables: Quantitative and Qualitative

12.3   Models with a Single Quantitative Independent Variable

12.4   Models with Two Quantitative Independent Variables

12.5   Coding Quantitative Independent Variables (Optional)

12.6   Models with One Qualitative Independent Variable

12.7   Models with Both Quantitative and Qualitative Independent Variables

12.8   Tests for Comparing Nested Models

12.9   External Model Validation (Optional)

12.10 Stepwise Regression

 

Statistics in Action: Deregulation of the Intrastate Trucking Industry

 

CHAPTER 13: PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

13.1   Introduction

13.2   Experimental Design Terminology

13.3   Controlling the Information in an Experiment

13.4   Noise-Reducing Designs

13.5   Volume-Increasing Designs

13.6   Selecting the Sample Size

13.7   The Importance of Randomization

 

Statistics in Action: Anti-Corrosive Behavior of Epoxy Coatings Augmented with Zinc

 

CHAPTER 14: ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS

14.1   Introduction

14.2   The Logic Behind an Analysis of Variance

14.3   One-Factor Completely Randomized Designs

14.4   Randomized Block Designs

14.5   Two-Factor Factorial Experiments

14.6   More Complex Factorial Designs (Optional)

14.7   Nested Sampling Designs (Optional)

14.8   Multiple Comparisons of Teatment Means

14.9   Checking ANOVA Assumptions

 

Statistics in Action:  On the Trail of the Cockroach

 

CHAPTER 15: NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS

15.1   Introduction: Distribution-Free Tests

15.2   Testing for Location of a Single Population

15.3   Comparing Two Populations: Independent Random Samples

15.4   Comparing Two Populations:  Matched-Pair Design

15.5   Comparing Three or More Populations: Completely Randomized Design

15.6   Comparing Three or More Populations: Randomized Block Design

15.7   Nonparametric Regression

 

Statistics in Action:  Agent Orange and Vietnam Vets

 

CHAPTER 16: STATISTICAL PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL

16.1   Total Quality Management

16.2   Variable Control Charts

16.3   Control Chart for Means: x-Chart

16.4   Control Chart for Process Variation: R-Chart

16.5   Detecting Trends in a Control Chart: Runs Analysis

16.6   Control Chart for Percent Defective: p-Chart

16.7   Control Chart for number of Defectives per item: c-Chart

16.8   Tolerance Limits

16.9   Capability Analysis (Optional)

16.10  Acceptance Sampling for Defectives

16.11  Other Sampling Plans (Optional)

16.12  Evolutionary Operations (Optional)

 

Statistics in Action: Testing Jet Fuel Additive for Safety

 

CHAPTER 17: PRODUCT AND SYSTEM RELIABILITY

17.1   Introduction

17.2   Failure Time Distributions

17.3   Hazard Rates

17.4   Life Testing: Censored Sampling

17.5   Estimating the Parameters of an Exponential Failure Time Distribution

17.6   Estimating the Parameters of a Weibull Failure Time Distribution

17.7  System Reliability

 

Statistics in Action: Modeling the Hazard Rate of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck Deterioration

 

APPENDIX A: MATRIX ALGEBRA

APPENDIX B: USEFUL STATISTICAL TABLES

APPENDIX C: SAS FOR WINDOWS TUTORIAL

APPENDIX D: MINITAB FOR WINDOWS TUTORIAL

APPENDIX E: SPSS FOR WINDOWS TUTORIAL

 

ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

 

INDEX