General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Application & Basic Media Pack, 9th Edition

NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Summary, Integrative Example, Exercises, Integrative and Advanced Exercises, Feature Problems, Self-Assessment Questions, and eMedia Exercises.

 

1         Matter–Its Properties and Measurement  

1-1             The Scientific Method  
1-2             Properties of Matter  
1-3             Classification of Matter  
1-4             Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units  
1-5             Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving  
1-6             Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements  
1-7             Significant Figures  
Focus on The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater 

 

2         Atoms and the Atomic Theory  

2-1             Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory  

2-2             Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics  

2-3             The Nuclear Atom  

2-4             Chemical Elements  

2-5             Atomic Masses 

2-6             Introduction to the Periodic Table 

2-7             The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant  

2-8             Using the Mole Concept in Calculations  

Focus on Occurrence and Abundances of the Elements

3         Chemical Compounds  

3-1             Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas  

3-2             The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds  

3-3             Composition of Chemical Compounds  

3-4             Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds  

3-5             Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds  

3-6             Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds  

3-7             Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds  

Focus on Mass Spectrometry—Determining Molecular Formulas  

      

4         Chemical Reactions  

4-1             Chemical Reactions and  Chemical Equations  

4-2             Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry  

4-3             Chemical Reactions in Solution  

4-4             Determining the Limiting Reactant  

4-5             Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry  

Focus on Industrial Chemistry  

        

5         Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions  

5-1             The Nature of Aqueous Solutions  

5-2             Precipitation Reactions  

5-3             Acid–Base Reactions  

5-4             Oxidation–Reduction: Some General Principles  

5-5             Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations  

5-6             Oxidizing and Reducing Agents  

5-7             Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations  

Focus on Water Treatment  

 6         Gases  

6-1             Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure  

6-2             The Simple Gas Laws  

6-3             Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation  

6-4             Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation  

6-5             Gases in Chemical Reactions  

6-6             Mixtures of Gases 

6-7             Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases  

6-8             Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory  

6-9             Nonideal (Real) Gases  

Focus on Earth’s Atmosphere  

 

7         Thermochemistry  220

7-1             Getting Started: Some Terminology  

7-2             Heat  

7-3             Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry 

7-4             Work  

7-5             The First Law of Thermodynamics  

7-6             Heats of Reaction: DU and DH  

7-7             Indirect Determination of DH: Hess’s Law  

7-8             Standard Enthalpies of Formation  

7-9             Fuels as Sources of Energy  

Focus on Fats, Carbohydrates, and Energy Storage  

 

8         Electrons in Atoms  

8-1             Electromagnetic Radiation  

8-2             Atomic Spectra  

8-3             Quantum Theory  

8-4             The Bohr Atom  

8-5             Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics  

8-6             Wave Mechanics  

8-7             Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals  

8-8             Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom  

8-9             Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number  

8-10          Multielectron Atoms  

8-11          Electron Configurations  

8-12          Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 

Focus on Helium–Neon Lasers  

 

9         The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties 

9-1             Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table  

9-2             Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions  

9-3             The Sizes of Atoms and Ions  

9-4             Ionization Energy  

9-5             Electron Affinity  

9-6             Magnetic Properties  

9-7             Periodic Properties of the Elements  

Focus on The Periodic Law and Mercury  

       

10      Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts  

10-1          Lewis Theory: An Overview 

10-2          Covalent Bonding: An Introduction 

10-3          Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps 

10-4          Writing Lewis Structures  

10-5          Resonance  

10-6          Exceptions to the Octet Rule  

10-7          Shapes of Molecules  

10-8          Bond Order and Bond Lengths  

10-9          Bond Energies  

Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths  

11      Chemical Bonding II: Additional Aspects  

11-1          What a Bonding Theory Should Do  

11-2          Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method 

11-3          Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals  

11-4          Multiple Covalent Bonds  

11-5          Molecular Orbital Theory  

11-6          Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule  

11-7          Bonding in Metals  

11-8        Some Unresolved Issues; Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help

Focus on Photoelectron Spectroscopy  

         

12      Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces  

12-1          Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids  

12-2          Vaporization of Liquids: Vapor Pressure  

12-3          Some Properties of Solids  

12-4          Phase Diagrams  

12-5          Van der Waals Forces  

12-6          Hydrogen Bonding  

12-7          Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids  

12-8          Crystal Structures  

12-9          Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals  

Focus on Liquid Crystals  

13      Solutions and Their Physical Properties  

13-1          Types of Solutions: Some Terminology 

13-2          Solution Concentrations

13-3          Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process  

13-4          Solution Formation and Equilibrium  

13-5          Solubilities of Gases  

13-6          Vapor Pressures of Solutions  

13-7          Osmotic Pressure  

13-8          Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions  

13-9          Solutions of Electrolytes  

13-10        Colloidal Mixtures  

Focus on Chromatography  

14      Chemical Kinetics  

14-1          Rate of a Chemical Reaction  

14-2          Measuring Reaction Rates  

14-3          Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law  

14-4          Zero-Order Reactions  

14-5          First-Order Reactions  

14-6          Second-Order Reactions  

14-7          Reaction Kinetics: A Summary  

14-8          Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics  

14-9          The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates  

14-10        Reaction Mechanisms  

14-11        Catalysis  

Focus on Combustion and Explosions  

 

15      Principles of Chemical Equilibrium  

15-1          Dynamic Equilibrium  

15-2          The Equilibrium Constant Expression  

15-3          Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants  

15-4          The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant  

15-5          The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of Net Change  

15-6          Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle  

15-7          Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples  

Focus on The Nitrogen Cycle and the Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds 

 

16      Acids and Bases  

16-1          Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review  

16-2          Brønsted–Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases  

16-3          Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale  

16-4          Strong Acids and Strong Bases  

16-5          Weak Acids and Weak Bases  

16-6          Polyprotic Acids  

16-7          Ions as Acids and Bases  

16-8          Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Behavior  

16-9          Lewis Acids and Bases  

Focus on Acid Rain  

 

17      Additional Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibria  

17-1          The Common-Ion Effect in Acid–Base Equilibria  

17-2          Buffer Solutions  

17-3          Acid–Base Indicators  

17-4          Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves  

17-5          Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids  

17-6          Acid–Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary  

Focus on Buffers in Blood 

 

18      Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria  

18-1          Solubility Product Constant,   

18-2          Relationship Between Solubility and  

18-3          Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria  

18-4          Limitations of the Concept  

18-5          Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness  

18-6          Fractional Precipitation  

18-7          Solubility and pH  

18-8          Equilibria Involving Complex Ions  

18-9          Qualitative Cation Analysis  

Focus on Shells, Teeth, and Fossils  

 

19      Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy  

19-1          Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change  

19-2          The Concept of Entropy  

19-3          Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes  

19-4          Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics 

19-5          Standard Free Energy Change, DG°  

19-6          Free Energy Change and Equilibrium  

19-7          DG° and  as Functions of Temperature  

19-8          Coupled Reactions  

Focus on Coupled Reactions in Biological Systems  

       

20      Electrochemistry 

20-1          Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement 

20-2          Standard Electrode Potentials 

20-3           DG, and   

20-4           as a Function of Concentrations  

20-5          Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions  

20-6          Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells 

20-7          Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur  

20-8          Industrial Electrolysis Processes 

Focus on Membrane Potentials 

21      Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14  

21-1          Group 1: The Alkali Metals  

21-2          Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals  

21-3          Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water  

21-4          Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family  

21-5          Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family  

Focus on Gallium Arsenide  

22      Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen  

22-1          Group 18: The Noble Gases  

22-2          Group 17: The Halogens  

22-3          Group 16: The Oxygen Family  

22-4          Group 15: The Nitrogen Family  

22-5          Hydrogen: A Unique Element  

Focus on The Ozone Layer and Its Environmental Role  

         

23      The Transition Elements  

23-1          General Properties  

23-2          Principles of Extractive Metallurgy  

23-3          Metallurgy of Iron and Steel  

23-4          First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese  

23-5          The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel  

23-6          Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold  

23-7          Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury  

23-8          Lanthanides  

Focus on High Temperature Superconductors  

 

24      Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 

24-1          Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview  

24-2          Ligands 

24-3          Nomenclature  

24-4          Isomerism  

24-5          Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory 

24-6          Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory  

 24-7          Color and the Colors of Complexes  

24-8          Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria 

24-9          Acid–Base Reactions of Complex Ions  

24-10        Some Kinetic Considerations  1

24-11        Applications of Coordination Chemistry  

Focus on Colors in Gemstones  

25      Nuclear Chemistry 

25-1          Radioactivity  

25-2          Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes 

25-3          Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity  

25-4          Transuranium Elements 

25-5          Rate of Radioactive Decay

25-6          Energetics of Nuclear Reactions 

25-7          Nuclear Stability 

25-8          Nuclear Fission  

25-9          Nuclear Fusion  

25-10        Effect of Radiation on Matter 

25-11        Applications of Radioisotopes  

Focus on Radioactive Waste Disposal  

        

26      Organic Chemistry  

26-1          Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview  

26-2          Alkanes  

26-3          Alkenes and Alkynes  

26-4          Aromatic Hydrocarbons  

26-5          Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

26-6          Aldehydes and Ketones  

26-7          Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives  

26-8          Amines  

26-9          Heterocyclic Compounds  

26-10        Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds  

26-11        An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at  Hybridized Carbon Atoms  

26-12        Synthesis of Organic Compounds  

26-13        Polymerization Reactions  

          Focus on Natural And Synthetic Dyes              

       

27      Chemistry of the Living State 

27-1          Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview  

27-2          Lipids  

27-3          Carbohydrates  

27-4          Proteins  

27-5          Aspects of Metabolism  

27-6          Nucleic Acids 

Focus on Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code  

        

APPENDICES

A       Mathematical Operations  

A-1        Exponential Arithmetic  

A-2        Logarithms  

A-3        Algebraic Operations  

A-4        Graphs  

A-5        Using Conversion Factors (Dimensional Analysis)  

B           Some Basic Physical Concepts  

B-1        Velocity and Acceleration  

B-2        Force and Work  

B-3        Energy  

B-4        Magnetism  

B-5        Static Electricity  

B-6        Current Electricity  

B-7        Electromagnetism  

C           SI Units  

C-1         SI Base Units  

C-2         SI Prefixes  

C-3         Derived SI Units  A

C-4         Units to Be Discouraged or Abandoned  A16

D           Data Tables  

D-1        Ground-State Electron Configurations  

D-2         Thermodynamic Properties of Substances at 298.15 K  

D-3         Equilibrium Constants  

D-4         Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 25 °C  

E            Concept Mapping

F            Glossary  

G             Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises  

Photo Credits  

Index