General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Application & Basic Media Pack, 9th Edition

About the Authors  

Preface  

Student’s Guide to Using this Text  

      1         Matter–Its Properties and Measurement  

          1-1             The Scientific Method  

          1-2             Properties of Matter  

          1-3             Classification of Matter  

          1-4             Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units  

          1-5             Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving  

          1-6             Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements  

          1-7             Significant Figures  

Focus on The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises    eLaboratory Exercises

      2         Atoms and the Atomic Theory  

          2-1        Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory  

          2-2             Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics  

          2-3             The Nuclear Atom  

          2-4             Chemical Elements  

          2-5             Atomic Masses 

          2-6             Introduction to the Periodic Table 

          2-7             The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant  

          2-8             Using the Mole Concept in Calculations  

Focus on Occurrence and Abundances of the Elements  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      3         Chemical Compounds  

          3-1             Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas  

          3-2             The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds  

          3-3             Composition of Chemical Compounds  

          3-4             Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds  

          3-5             Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds  

          3-6             Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds  

          3-7             Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds  

Focus on Mass Spectrometry–Determining Molecular Formulas  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      4         Chemical Reactions  

          4-1             Chemical Reactions and  Chemical Equations  

          4-2             Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry  

          4-3             Chemical Reactions in Solution  

          4-4             Determining the Limiting Reactant  

          4-5             Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry  

Focus on Industrial Chemistry  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      5         Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions  

          5-1             The Nature of Aqueous Solutions  

          5-2             Precipitation Reactions  

          5-3             Acid—Base Reactions  

          5-4             Oxidation—Reduction: Some General Principles  

          5-5             Balancing Oxidation—Reduction Equations  

          5-6             Oxidizing and Reducing Agents  

          5-7             Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations  

Focus on Water Treatment  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      6         Gases  

          6-1             Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure  

          6-2             The Simple Gas Laws  

          6-3             Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation  

          6-4             Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation  

          6-5             Gases in Chemical Reactions  

          6-6             Mixtures of Gases 

          6-7             Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases  

          6-8             Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory  

          6-9             Nonideal (Real) Gases  

Focus on Earth’s Atmosphere  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      7         Thermochemistry  220

          7-1             Getting Started: Some Terminology  

          7-2             Heat  

          7-3             Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry 

          7-4             Work  

          7-5             The First Law of Thermodynamics  

          7-6             Heats of Reaction: DU and DH  

          7-7             Indirect Determination of DH: Hess’s Law  

          7-8             Standard Enthalpies of Formation  

          7-9             Fuels as Sources of Energy  

Focus on Fats, Carbohydrates, and Energy Storage  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      8         Electrons in Atoms  

          8-1             Electromagnetic Radiation  

          8-2             Atomic Spectra  

          8-3             Quantum Theory  

          8-4             The Bohr Atom  

          8-5             Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics  

          8-6             Wave Mechanics  

          8-7             Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals  

          8-8             Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom  

          8-9             Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number  

          8-10          Multielectron Atoms  

          8-11          Electron Configurations  

          8-12          Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 

Focus on Helium—Neon Lasers  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      9         The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties 

          9-1             Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table  

          9-2             Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions  

          9-3             The Sizes of Atoms and Ions  

          9-4             Ionization Energy  

          9-5             Electron Affinity  

          9-6             Magnetic Properties  

          9-7             Periodic Properties of the Elements  

Focus on The Periodic Law and Mercury  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      10      Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts  

          10-1          Lewis Theory: An Overview 

          10-2          Covalent Bonding: An Introduction 

          10-3          Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps 

          10-4          Writing Lewis Structures  

          10-5          Resonance  

          10-6          Exceptions to the Octet Rule  

          10-7          Shapes of Molecules  

          10-8          Bond Order and Bond Lengths  

          10-9          Bond Energies  

Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      11      Chemical Bonding II: Additional Aspects  

          11-1          What a Bonding Theory Should Do  

          11-2          Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method 

          11-3          Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals  

          11-4          Multiple Covalent Bonds  

          11-5          Molecular Orbital Theory  

          11-6          Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule  

          11-7          Bonding in Metals  

11-8        Some Unresolved Issues; Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help?

Focus on Photoelectron Spectroscopy  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      12      Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces  

          12-1          Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids  

          12-2          Vaporization of Liquids: Vapor Pressure  

          12-3          Some Properties of Solids  

          12-4          Phase Diagrams  

          12-5          Van der Waals Forces  

          12-6          Hydrogen Bonding  

          12-7          Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids  

          12-8          Crystal Structures  

          12-9          Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals  

Focus on Liquid Crystals  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      13      Solutions and Their Physical Properties  

          13-1          Types of Solutions: Some Terminology  

          13-2          Solution Concentrations

          13-3          Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process  

          13-4          Solution Formation and Equilibrium  

          13-5          Solubilities of Gases  

          13-6          Vapor Pressures of Solutions  

          13-7          Osmotic Pressure  

          13-8          Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions  

          13-9          Solutions of Electrolytes  

          13-10        Colloidal Mixtures  

Focus on Chromatography  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      14      Chemical Kinetics  

          14-1          Rate of a Chemical Reaction  

          14-2          Measuring Reaction Rates  

          14-3          Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law  

          14-4          Zero-Order Reactions  

          14-5          First-Order Reactions  

          14-6          Second-Order Reactions  

          14-7          Reaction Kinetics: A Summary  

          14-8          Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics  

          14-9          The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates  

          14-10        Reaction Mechanisms  

          14-11        Catalysis  

Focus on Combustion and Explosions  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises

      15      Principles of Chemical Equilibrium  

          15-1          Dynamic Equilibrium  

          15-2          The Equilibrium Constant Expression  

          15-3          Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants  

          15-4          The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant  

          15-5          The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of Net Change  

          15-6          Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le Châtelier’s Principle  

          15-7          Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples  

Focus on The Nitrogen Cycle and the Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      16      Acids and Bases  

          16-1          Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review  

          16-2          Brønsted—Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases  

          16-3          Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale  

          16-4          Strong Acids and Strong Bases  

          16-5          Weak Acids and Weak Bases  

          16-6          Polyprotic Acids  

          16-7          Ions as Acids and Bases  

          16-8          Molecular Structure and Acid—Base Behavior  

          16-9          Lewis Acids and Bases  

Focus on Acid Rain  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      17      Additional Aspects of Acid—Base Equilibria  

          17-1          The Common-Ion Effect in Acid—Base Equilibria  

          17-2          Buffer Solutions  

          17-3          Acid—Base Indicators  

          17-4          Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves  

          17-5          Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids  

          17-6          Acid—Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary  

Focus on Buffers in Blood  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      18      Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria  

          18-1          Solubility Product Constant, K_sp   

          18-2          Relationship Between Solubility and K_sp 

          18-3          Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria  

          18-4          Limitations of the K_sp Concept  

          18-5          Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness  

          18-6          Fractional Precipitation  

          18-7          Solubility and pH  

          18-8          Equilibria Involving Complex Ions  

          18-9          Qualitative Cation Analysis  

Focus on Shells, Teeth, and Fossils  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      19      Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy  

          19-1          Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change  

          19-2          The Concept of Entropy  

          19-3          Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes  

          19-4          Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics 

          19-5          Standard Free Energy Change, DG°  

          19-6          Free Energy Change and Equilibrium  

          19-7          DG° and  as Functions of Temperature  

          19-8          Coupled Reactions  

Focus on Coupled Reactions in Biological Systems  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      20      Electrochemistry 

          20-1          Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement 

          20-2          Standard Electrode Potentials 

          20-3           DG, and   

          20-4           as a Function of Concentrations  

          20-5          Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions  

          20-6          Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells 

          20-7          Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur  

          20-8          Industrial Electrolysis Processes 

Focus on Membrane Potentials 

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  eLaboratory Exercises

      21      Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14  

          21-1          Group 1: The Alkali Metals  

          21-2          Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals  

          21-3          Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water  

          21-4          Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family  

          21-5          Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family  

Focus on Gallium Arsenide  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      22      Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen  

          22-1          Group 18: The Noble Gases  

          22-2          Group 17: The Halogens  

          22-3          Group 16: The Oxygen Family  

          22-4          Group 15: The Nitrogen Family  

          22-5          Hydrogen: A Unique Element  

Focus on The Ozone Layer and Its Environmental Role  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      23      The Transition Elements  

          23-1          General Properties  

          23-2          Principles of Extractive Metallurgy  

          23-3          Metallurgy of Iron and Steel  

          23-4          First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese  

          23-5          The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel  

          23-6          Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold  

          23-7          Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury  

          23-8          Lanthanides  

Focus on High Temperature Superconductors  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      24      Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds 

          24-1          Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview  

          24-2          Ligands 

          24-3          Nomenclature  

          24-4          Isomerism  

          24-5          Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory 

          24-6          Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory  

          24-7          Color and the Colors of Complexes  

          24-8          Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria 

          24-9          Acid—Base Reactions of Complex Ions  

          24-10        Some Kinetic Considerations  1

          24-11        Applications of Coordination Chemistry  

          Focus on Colors in Gemstones  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      25      Nuclear Chemistry 

          25-1          Radioactivity  

          25-2          Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes 

          25-3          Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity  

          25-4          Transuranium Elements 

          25-5          Rate of Radioactive Decay

          25-6          Energetics of Nuclear Reactions 

          25-7          Nuclear Stability 

          25-8          Nuclear Fission  

          25-9          Nuclear Fusion  

          25-10        Effect of Radiation on Matter 

          25-11        Applications of Radioisotopes  

Focus on Radioactive Waste Disposal  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      26      Organic Chemistry  

          26-1          Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview  

          26-2          Alkanes  

          26-3          Alkenes and Alkynes  

          26-4          Aromatic Hydrocarbons  

          26-5          Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

          26-6          Aldehydes and Ketones  

          26-7          Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives  

          26-8          Amines  

          26-9          Heterocyclic Compounds  

          26-10        Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds  

          26-11        An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at  Hybridized Carbon Atoms  

          26-12        Synthesis of Organic Compounds  

          26-13        Polymerization Reactions  

Focus on Natural And Synthetic Dyes              

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

      27      Chemistry of the Living State 

          27-1          Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview  

          27-2          Lipids  

          27-3          Carbohydrates  

          27-4          Proteins  

          27-5          Aspects of Metabolism  

          27-6          Nucleic Acids 

          Focus on Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code  

Summary   Integrative Example   Exercises   

Integrative and Advanced Exercises   Feature Problems  

Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises  

Appendixes

A           Mathematical Operations  

A-1        Exponential Arithmetic  

A-2        Logarithms  

A-3        Algebraic Operations  

A-4        Graphs  

A-5        Using Conversion Factors (Dimensional Analysis)  

B           Some Basic Physical Concepts  

B-1        Velocity and Acceleration  

B-2        Force and Work  

B-3        Energy  

B-4        Magnetism  

B-5        Static Electricity  

B-6        Current Electricity  

B-7        Electromagnetism  

C           SI Units  

C-1        SI Base Units  

C-2        SI Prefixes  

C-3        Derived SI Units  A

C-4        Units to Be Discouraged or Abandoned  A16

D           Data Tables  

D-1        Ground-State Electron Configurations  

D-2        Thermodynamic Properties of Substances at 298.15 K  

D-3        Equilibrium Constants  

D-4        Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 25 °C  

E           Concept Mapping

F           Glossary  

G           Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises  

          H           Answers to Concept  Assessment Questions and Self-Assessment Exercises 

Photo Credits  

Index