Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students, 4th Edition

Revives the classical strategies of ancient Greek and Roman rhetoricians and adapts them to the needs of contemporary writers and speakers.

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Ancient Rhetorics: Their Differences and the Differences They Make

Some Differences Between Ancient and Modern Thought    Just the Facts, Please

    That's Just Your Opinion

    On Ideology and the Commonplaces

    Rhetorical Situations

Language as Power

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata I: Fable and Tale

Notes

Works Cited

Chapter 2: Kairos and the Rhetorical Situation: Seizing the Moment

Ancient Depictions of Kairos

Kairos As a Means of Invention

An Example of Kairos at Work

How Urgent or Immediate is the Issue?

Arguments and Interests

Power Dynamics in a Rhetorical Situation

A Web of Related Issues

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata II: Chreia and Proverb

Chapter 3: Stasis Theory: Asking the Right Questions

The Stases and Contrary Arguments

 Theoretical Versus Practical Questions

Putting These Distinctions to Work

What Happens When Stasis Is Not Achieved?

The Four Questions

Elaborating the Questions

Using the Stases

    The First Example: Abortion

    A Second Example: Hateful Speech

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata III: Confirmation and Refutation

Chapter 4: The Common Topics and the Commonplaces: Finding the Available Means

Ancient Topical Traditions

Aristotle's Topical System

    The Topic of Past and Future Fact (Conjecture)

    The Common Topic of Greater / Lesser (Degree)

    The Common Topic of Possible / Impossible (Possibility)

Commonplaces and Ideology

Commonplaces in American Political Rhetoric

Using Common Topics and Commonplaces to Invent Arguments

    The Common Topic of Conjecture

    The Common Topic of Degree

    The Common Topic of Possibility

An Extended Example

The Example Embedded in a Rhetorical Situation

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata IV: Common-place

Notes

Works Cited

Chapter Five: Logical Proof: Reasoning in Rhetoric

Probabilities

Aristotle on Reasoning in Rhetoric

    Deduction

    Induction

    Enthymemes

    Rhetorical Examples

    Rhetorical Examples - Brief and Extended

    Fictional Example

    Analogy

    Similar and Contrary Examples

Using Examples

    Maxims

    Signs

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata V: Encomium and Invective

Works Cited

Chapter 6: Ethical Proof: Arguments from Character

Ethos in Ancient Rhetorics

Invented Ethos

    Demonstrating Intelligence by Doing the Homework

    Establishing Good Character

    Securing Good Will

Voice and Rhetorical Distance

    Grammatical Person

    Verb Tense and Voice

    Word Size

    Qualifiers

    Punctuation

Situated Ethos

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata VI: Comparison and Character

Note

Works Cited

Chapter 7: Pathetic Proof: Passionate Appeals

Ancient Teachers on the Emotions

Emotions as Rhetorical Proofs

The Characters of Audiences

Composing Passionate Proofs

    Enargeia

    Honorific and Pejorative Language

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata VII: Description

Note

Works Cited

Chapter 8: Extrinsic Proofs: Arguments Waiting to Be Used

Extrinsic Proofs in Ancient Rhetorics

Testimony

    Community Authorities

    Evaluating Community  Authorities

    Proximate Authorities

Data

    Evaluating Data

Some Examples

Rhetorical Activities

Progymnasmata VIII: Thesis

Progymnasmata IX: Introduction of Law

Works Cited

Part Two: Arrangement

Chapter 9: Arrangement: Getting It Together

Ancient Teachings about Arrangement

The Exordium

    Introductions

    Topics for Making Audiences Attentive and Receptive

    Insinuations

The Narrative (Statement of the Case)

The Partition

The Arguments: Confirmation and Refutation

The Peroration (Conclusion)

    Composing a Summary

    Composing Appeals to the Emotions

    Enhancing Ethos

An Example

Rhetorical Activities

Imitation I: On the Usefulness of Copying

Works Cited

Part Three: Style, Memory, and Delivery

Chapter 10: Style: Composition and Ornament

Correctness

Clarity

Appopriateness: Kairos and Style

Ornament

    Sentence Composition

    Figurative Language

    Figures of Thought

    Tropes

Rhetorical Activities

Imitation II: Inhabiting Through Practice

Notes

Works Cited

Memory and Kairos

Memory in Ancient Rhetorics

Ancient Memory Systems

Modern Versions of Ancient Memory Systems

    Cultural Memory

    Organizational Memory

    Literate Memory Systems

Electronic Memory Systems

Imitation III: Translation and Paraphrase

Works Cited

Chapter 12: Delivery: Attending to Eyes and Ears

Ancient Commentary on Delivery

Delivery of Ancient Discourse

Delivery of Written Discourse

    Spelling and Punctuation

    Traditional Grammar and Usage

Visual Rhetoric

    Ocular Demonstration

    Textual Presentation

    Picture Theory

Webrhetors

Rhetorical Activities

Works Cited

Glossary

Appendix: Signposts in Ancient Rhetorics

Bibliography

Suggestions for Further Readings

Credits

Index