Description
Reality Through the Arts is a brief text ideal for the one-semester introduction to humanities course. This is a successful text because of its unique organization, which makes it an excellent alternative to the standard chronological organization found in most other humanities text. The Introduction puts the humanities in perspective by discussing the arts and ways of knowing, art's main concerns, purposes, and functions, as well as artistic style and how to apply critical skills. Part I, “The Media of the Arts,” offers independent chapters on two dimensional art (drawing, painting, printmaking, and photography), sculpture, architecture, music, theatre, cinema, dance and literature. Part II, “The Styles of the Arts,” is a chronological history of the arts of Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East, organized by artistic discipline andfocusing on styles rather than encyclopedic detail. The book is written at a level for students with little or no background in the arts.
Table of Contents
MAP 10
PREFACE 12
FACULTY AND STUDENT RESOURCES 13
INTRODUCTION 14
Using this Book 14
ORGANIZATION 14
PRONOUNCING NAMES AND TERMS 18
THE COMPANION WEBSITE
AND ACCOMPANYING MUSIC CD 18
Putting this Study in Context 19
REALITY THROUGH THE ARTS 19
THE ARTS AND WAYS OF KNOWING 19
WHAT ARE ART’S MAIN CONCERNS? 21
Creativity 21
Aesthetic Communication 21
Symbols 22
Fine and Applied Art 22
WHAT ARE ART’S PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS? 23
Purposes 23
Functions 23
HOW SHOULD WE PERCEIVE AND RESPOND? 25
Applying Critical Skills 25
APPROACHES TO CRITICISM 27
Formal Criticism 27
Contextual Criticism 29
MAKING JUDGMENTS 29
Artisanship 29
Communication 29
Style 30
HOW CAN WE ANALYZE STYLE? 30
STYLE AND CULTURE 33
HOW DOES A STYLE GET ITS NAME? 33
Thinking Critically 36
PART I
THE MEDIA OF THE ARTS
What Artists Use to Express “Reality” 37
CHAPTER ONE
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ART
Drawing, Painting, Printmaking,
and Photography 38
Formal and Technical Qualities 38
MEDIA 38
Drawing 38
DRY MEDIA 39 WET MEDIA 40
Painting 41
Mixed Media 43
Printmaking 43
RELIEF PRINTING 44 INTAGLIO 44
PLANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES 46
Photography 48
PHOTOGRAPHY AND ART 48 DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY 50
PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES 51
PROFILE Pablo Picasso 53
COMPOSITION 53
Elements 53
LINE 53 FORM 56 COLOR 56 MASS 57 TEXTURE 57
Principles 58
REPETITION 58 BALANCE 59 UNITY 59 FOCAL AREAS 59
OTHER FACTORS 60
Perspective 60
Chiaroscuro 60
Content 62
PAINTING & HUMAN REALITY Géricault,
The Raft of the “Medusa” 61
Sense Stimuli 62
CONTRASTS 62
DYNAMICS 64
TROMPE L’OEIL 65
JUXTAPOSITION 65
FOCUS 66
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 67
Cyber Study 67
Important Terms 67
CHAPTER TWO
SCULPTURE 68
Formal and Technical Qualities 68
DIMENSIONALITY 68
Full-Round 68
Relief 70
Linear 71
METHODS OF EXECUTION 71
Subtraction 71
Construction 72
Substitution 72
Manipulation 72
COMPOSITION 74
Elements 74
Principles 75
SCULPTURE & HUMAN REALITY Michelangelo,
David 76
PROFILE Michelangelo 78
OTHER FACTORS 78
Articulation 78
Focal Area (Emphasis) 79
Ephemeral and Environmental 79
Found 80
Sense Stimuli 81
TOUCH 81
TEMPERATURE AND AGE 81
DYNAMICS 81
SIZE 82
LIGHTING AND ENVIRONMENT 83
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 84
Cyber Study 84
Important Terms 84
CHAPTER THREE
ARCHITECTURE 85
Formal and Technical Qualities 85
STRUCTURE 86
Post-and-Lintel 86
Arch 87
Cantilever 94
Bearing-Wall 94
Skeleton Frame 95
BUILDING MATERIALS 95
Stone 95
Concrete 97
Wood 97
Steel 97
LINE, REPETITION, AND BALANCE 98
SCALE AND PROPORTION 99
CONTEXT 101
PROFILE Frank Lloyd Wright 101
SPACE 102
ARCHITECTURE & HUMAN REALITY Le Corbusier,
Villa Savoye 102
CLIMATE 105
Sense Stimuli 105
CONTROLLED VISION AND SYMBOLISM 107
STYLE 108
APPARENT FUNCTION 110
DYNAMICS 111
SCALE 112
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 113
Cyber Study 113
Important Terms 113
CHAPTER FOUR
MUSIC AND OPERA 114
Formal and Technical Qualities 114
CLASSICAL FORMS 115
Mass 115
Cantata 115
Oratorio 115
Art Song 115
Fugue 115
Symphony 116
Concerto 116
JAZZ FORMS 116
Blues 117
New Orleans Style 117
Ragtime 117
Free Jazz 117
Fusion 117
Groove 117
COMPOSITION 118
Sound 118
PITCH 118 DYNAMICS 120 TONE COLOR 120 DURATION 120
Rhythm 120
BEAT 121 METER 121 TEMPO 121
Melody 121
Harmony 122
PROFILE Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 122
Tonality 123
Texture 123
MONOPHONY 123 POLYPHONY 123 HOMOPHONY 123
Sense Stimuli 123
OUR PRIMAL RESPONSES 123
THE MUSICAL PERFORMANCE 124
Opera 125
TYPES OF OPERA 126
THE OPERA PRODUCTION 126
MUSIC & HUMAN REALITY Bizet, Carmen 128
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 130
Cyber Study 130
Important Terms 130
CHAPTER FIVE
LITERATURE 131
Formal and Technical Qualities 131
FORMAL DIVISIONS 132
Fiction 132
NOVELS 132 SHORT STORIES 132
Poetry 134
NARRATIVE 134 DRAMATIC 135 LYRIC 136
Nonfiction 136
BIOGRAPHY 136 ESSAY 138 RELIGIOUS LITERATURE 139
Drama 139
TECHNICAL DEVICES 139
Fiction 139
PROFILE Toni Morrison 140
POINT OF VIEW 139 APPEARANCE AND REALITY 139 TONE 140
CHARACTER 140 PLOT 141 THEME 141 SYMBOLS 141
Poetry 141
LANGUAGE 141 STRUCTURE 143 SOUND STRUCTURES 143
METER 143
Nonfiction 143
LITERATURE & HUMAN REALITY Alice Walker,
Roselilly 144
FACTS 146 ANECDOTES 146
Sense Stimuli 146
PICTURES 146
SOUNDS 146
EMOTIONS 146
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 147
Cyber Study 147
Important Terms 147
CHAPTER SIX
THEATRE 148
Formal and Technical Qualities 148
GENRES 149
Tragedy 149
Comedy 149
Tragicomedy 150
Melodrama 150
Performance Art 150
THE PRODUCTION 151
Script 151
Plot 151
EXPOSITION 152 COMPLICATION 152 DÉNOUEMENT 152
FORESHADOWING 152 DISCOVERY 152 REVERSAL 152
Character 153
Protagonist 153
Themes 153
Visual Elements 153
THEATRE TYPES 153 SCENE DESIGN 155 LIGHTING DESIGN 156
COSTUME DESIGN 157 PROPERTIES 158
Aural Elements 158
Dynamics 158
Actors 159
PROFILE William Shakespeare 159
Lifelikeness 160
Sense Stimuli 161
THEATRE & HUMAN REALITY David Rabe,
Hurly-Burly 162
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 164
Cyber Study 164
Important Terms 164
CHAPTER SEVEN
CINEMA 165
Formal and Technical Qualities 166
CLASSIFICATIONS 166
Narrative 166
Documentary 167
Absolute (Avant-Garde) 167
THE PRODUCTION 167
Mise-en-scène 167
Director 168
Techniques 168
EDITING 168 CAMERA VIEWPOINT 168
CUTTING WITHIN THE FRAME 170 DISSOLVES 171 FOCUS 171
MOVEMENT 172 LIGHTING 172
CINEMA & HUMAN REALITY Sergei Eisenstein,
Battleship Potemkin 169
Sense Stimuli 172
VIEWPOINT 172
CROSSCUTTING 173
TENSION BUILD-UP AND RELEASE 173
DIRECT ADDRESS 173
MAGNITUDE AND CONVENTION 174
STRUCTURAL RHYTHM 175
PROFILE D. W. Griffith 176
AUDIO 177
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 179
Cyber Study 179
Important Terms 179
CHAPTER EIGHT
DANCE 180
Formal and Technical Qualities 180
FORMS 180
Ballet 181
Modern Dance 181
World Concert/Ritual Dance 181
Folk Dance 182
Jazz Dance 182
CHOREOGRAPHY 182
Formalized Movement 183
Line, Form, and Repetition 184
Rhythm 185
PROFILE Akram Khan 187
Mime and Pantomime 187
Theme, Image, and Story Line 187
Music 188
Mise-en-Scène 188
Lighting 189
DANCE & HUMAN REALITY Martha Graham,
Appalachian Spring 190
Sense Stimuli 190
MOVING IMAGES 191
FORCE 191
SIGN LANGUAGE 191
COLOR 191
Sample Outline and Critical Analysis 192
Cyber Study 192
Important Terms 192
PART II
THE STYLES OF THE ARTS
How Artists Portray “Reality” 193
CHAPTER NINE
ANCIENT APPROACHES
c. 30,000 to c. 480 B.C.E. 194
The Context 194
THE STONE AGE 194
THE MIDDLE EAST 195
ASIA 195
AMERICA 195
EUROPE 195
The Arts 196
THE STONE AGE 196
THE MIDDLE EAST 198
Sumerian Art 198
MASTERWORKS The Tell Asmar Statues 201
Assyrian Art 202
Egyptian Art 205
PROFILE Nefertiti 207
Hebrew Art 211
ASIA 213
AMERICA 214
EUROPE 214
Thinking Critically 218
Cyber Study 218
Important Terms 218
CHAPTER TEN
ARTISTIC REFLECTIONS
IN THE PRE-MODERN WORLD
c. 480 B.C.E. to c. 1400 C.E. 219
The Context 219
EUROPE 219
Greece 219
Rome 220
The Middle Ages 220
THE MIDDLE EAST 220
Byzantium 220
Islam 220
ASIA 221
China 221
India 221
Japan 221
AFRICA 222
AMERICA 222
The Arts 222
EUROPE 222
Greek Classicism and Hellenism 222
MASTERWORKS Myron, Discus Thrower 224
CLASSICISM 222 SCULPTURE 223 THEATRE 225
ARCHITECTURE 227 LITERATURE 229 HELLENISTIC STYLE 230
Imperial Roman Classicism 231
SCULPTURE 231 LITERATURE 231 ARCHITECTURE 234
Medieval Music 236
PROFILE Hildegard of Bingen 237
Romanesque Style 237
Medieval Literature 239
Gothic Style 241
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ART 241 ARCHITECTURE 242
SCULPTURE 245
Medieval Theatre 246
THE MIDDLE EAST 246
Byzantine Style 246
ARCHITECTURE 247 MOSAICS AND IVORIES 250
Islamic Art 251
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ART 251 MUSIC 251 LITERATURE 251
ISLAMIC STYLE IN ARCHITECTURE 252
ASIA 254
Chinese Art 254
SCULPTURE 254 ARCHITECTURE 255 PAINTING 255
Indian Art 257
SCULPTURE 257 ARCHITECTURE 257
Japanese Art 259
ARCHITECTURE 259 PAINTING AND SCULPTURE 260
THEATRE AND LITERATURE 261
AFRICA 262
Nok Style 262
Igbo-Ukwu Style 262
Ife Style 262
Djenne Style 263
AMERICA 263
Thinking Critically 265
Cyber Study 265
Important Terms 265
CHAPTER ELEVEN
ARTISTIC STYLES IN THE
EMERGING MODERN WORLD
c. 1400 to c. 1800 266
The Context 266
EUROPE 266
The Renaissance 266
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation 267
The Enlightenment 267
ASIA 268
AFRICA 268
AMERICA 269
The Arts 269
EUROPE 269
The Early Renaissance 269
PAINTING 269 SCULPTURE 271 LITERATURE 272
ARCHITECTURE 274
The High Renaissance 276
LEONARDO DA VINCI 278 MICHELANGELO 278
PAPAL SPLENDOR: THE VATICAN 279 RAPHAEL 281
THE HIGH RENAISSANCE IN VENICE 281
Northern Europe 282
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ART 282 THEATRE 284 MUSIC 286
MASTERWORKS William Shakespeare, Hamlet 285
Baroque Style 288
PAINTING 289 SCULPTURE 291 ARCHITECTURE 291 MUSIC 292
LITERATURE 295
PROFILE Johann Sebastian Bach 293
The Enlightenment 296
ROCOCO STYLE 296 THE ENGLISH SCHOOL 298 GENRE 298
NEOCLASSICAL PAINTING 298 NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE 298
NEOCLASSICAL MUSIC 300 LITERATURE 303
MASTERWORKS Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of
the Horatii 299
ASIA 306
Chinese Art 306
MING SCULPTURE AND CERAMICS 306 PAINTING 306 MUSIC 306
Indian Art 308
RAJPUT STYLE 308 PUNJAB STYLE 308
MUSLIM AND HINDU ARCHITECTURE 309
Japanese Art 310
PAINTING STYLE 310 IMARI PORCELAIN 311
KABUKI THEATRE 311
AFRICA 311
Benin Style 311
Mali 313
AMERICA 313
Aztec Art 313
Incan Art 313
Thinking Critically 316
Cyber Study 316
Important Terms 316
CHAPTER TWELVE
ARTISTRY IN AN AGE OF
INDUSTRY
c. 1800 to c. 1900 317
The Context 317
EUROPE 317
ASIA 318
AFRICA 318
AMERICA 318
The Arts 319
EUROPE 319
Romanticism 319
PROFILE Rosa Bonheur 321
MASTERWORKS Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice 324
PROFILE Johannes Brahms 327
PAINTING 320 LITERATURE 322 MUSIC 324 THEATRE 330
BALLET 331 ARCHITECTURE 333
Realism 334
PAINTING 334 THEATRE AND LITERATURE 336
Aestheticism 338
Impressionism 339
PAINTING 339 SCULPTURE 341 MUSIC 341 LITERATURE 342
Post-Impressionism 343
SEURAT 343 CÉZANNE 344 GAUGUIN 344 VAN GOGH 344
Art Nouveau 345
ASIA 347
AFRICA 350
AMERICA 351
American Indian Art 351
African American Music 354
Thinking Critically 356
Cyber Study 356
Important Terms 356
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
THE ARTS IN A MODERN,
POSTMODERN, AND
PLURALISTIC WORLD
1900 to the Present 357
The Context 357
MODERNISM 357
POSTMODERNISM 358
PLURALISM 358
HISTORY 359
The Arts 360
MODERN DIRECTIONS 360
Expressionism 360
Fauvism 361
Cubism 362
Futurism and Mechanism 363
Dada 365
Abstraction 366
Surrealism 367
Minimalism 367
Absurdism 368
Realism 369
Abstract Expressionism 370
Pop Art 371
Hard Edge 371
Environmental and Ephemeral Art 372
Architectural Modernism 373
MASTERWORKS Frank Lloyd Wright,
Kaufmann House 375
Modernism in Music 377
HINDEMITH 378 BARTÓK 378 STRAVINSKY 378
SCHOENBERG 378 IVES AND COPLAND 379 GERSHWIN 379
BERNSTEIN 379
Modern Dance 380
DUNCAN 380 DENISHAWN 380 GRAHAM 380
CUNNINGHAM 380 TAYLOR 381 AILEY AND NIKOLAIS 381
Literary Modernism 381
POSTMODERN DIRECTIONS 381
Neoabstraction 382
Media Art and “New” Media 382
Photography 383
“New” Realism 385
Feminist Art 385
Postmodern Architecture 386
Postmodern Music 386
MINIMALISM 387 EXPERIMENTATION 387
IMPROVISATION AND MUSIQUE ACTUELLE 389
SOUND LIBERATION 389
PROFILE Richard Danielpour 388
Postmodern Literature 389
CONCRETE POETRY 390 MAGIC REALISM 390
CONFESSIONALISTS 390
PLURALISM 391
African American Art 391
HARLEM RENAISSANCE 391 JAZZ 393
DANCE AND THEATRE 395
American Indian Art 397
LITERATURE 397 VISUAL ART 397 MUSIC AND DANCE 398
Latino Art 400
Thinking Critically 403
Cyber Study 403
Important Terms 403
NOTES 404
GLOSSARY 406
BIBLIOGRAPHY 417
INDEX 419
CREDITS 430
SELECTIONS FROM “MUSIC FOR THE
HUMANITIES” 432
Purchase Info
ISBN-10: 0-205-66048-7
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-66048-3
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